Understanding geo-environmental changes and effective management approaches: A review

Geo-environment refers to the combined natural and physical features of the Earth's surface, including geological, geographical, and environmental elements. It encompasses the interactions between landforms, soil, rocks, water bodies, climate, vegetation, and human activities. The study of the geo-environment helps in understanding how natural processes and human actions affect the Earth's surface and ecosystems, which is essential for sustainable land use, resource management, and environmental conservation. Geo-environmental changes, driven by both natural processes and human activities, significantly impact ecosystems, human health, and economic stability. Rapid urbanization, deforestation, water pollution, and air quality deterioration contribute to environmental vulnerabilities, necessitating effective management strategies. This review synthesizes existing research on land use and land cover (LULC) changes, water and air quality depletion, and environmental risks. Case studies highlight the consequences of unchecked environmental changes, while policy interventions, technological solutions, and community-based initiatives are explored as mitigation measures. The findings underscore the urgency of integrated and sustainable approaches to environmental management, ensuring resilience against climate change and anthropogenic pressures.