April 2022

Background: Academic libraries of this age have embraced the user-centric approach and introduced learning commons (LC) for interactive learning of its users. They are redesigning their resources and services to meet the diverse learning needs of the Techie Gen LC users. It is an out of class group learning space where users are sharing and acquisitioning knowledge for solving learning problems. Group learning is supported by Problem-Based Learning (PBL) cycle phases where users play a knowledge transformer role. This study checks the relation and the ways that knowledge sharing and acquisition supports PBL phases and thereby confirms a new PBL phase. Objective(s): The main aim of the study is to investigate the relation and support of knowledge sharing and acquisition in problem-based learning (PBL) phases and thus determine a new PBL phase for LC. Methods: The research used a quantitative approach and included a survey design in its methodology. The online surveys were conducted in three university libraries of Japan and statistical analysis of simple percentage, mean and standard deviation were adopted to analyze the data. Results: The Cronbach's alpha score of the construct of knowledge sharing and acquisition was 0.750, skewness -0.531 and kurtosis was 0.651, which reveals it`s strong validity. Moreover, 77.5% of participants perceived that knowledge sharing and acquisition has a positive influence on them in PBL supported group learning at LC. Conclusion: The results of the study has revealed that knowledge sharing and acquisition is a new PBL cycle phase for LC group learning. Therefore, LC must combine resources and services in order to foster knowledge sharing and acquisition in PBL supported group learning and thus leverage users' out of class activities.

Introduction: A detailed knowledge of root canal morphology and comprehensive understanding of different root canal configurations are needed to avoid any failures or retreatments and also to improve the success of endodontic treatments of primary teeth. Inability to identify the root canals is generally found as the major cause of failure of root canal treatment. The classification of root canal morphology of permanent teeth was given by Vertucci (1984). However, after a detailed search in the literature, very few results were obtained which classified Primary mandibular second molars using Vertuccis classification. Aim: To investigate the root and canal morphology of primary mandibular second molars (PMSMs) using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) by applying Vertuccis classification in Pediatric Indian population. Materials and Methods: CBCT images of 15 children (30 images) belonging to the age group of 5-8 years were obtained from the institutional database. The CBCT images were reconstructed by using On-Demand software, evaluated and the data was analyzed using SPSS version for windows. Results: All the primary mandibular second molars had two separate roots. In the mesial root, two root canals were observed in 86.7% of the cases and a single canal was seen in 13.3% of cases, whereas in the distal root, a single root canal was seen in 76.7% of cases and two canals were seen in 23.3% of the cases. Vertuccis Type IV configuration was most common in the mesial roots followed by Type I and Vertuccis Type I configuration was most common in the distal roots followed by Type IV. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, the results of the present study showed different root canal configurations in both mesial and distal roots of primary mandibular second molars in the studied patients of the Pediatric Indian population.

The growth and development of a child is influenced by primary and secondary factors. Primary factors include heredity, the condition of the mother during pregnancy, nutrition, illness and physical environment. Secondary factors include social and psychological factors, social factors are socio-economic class, parental level of education, family size, position of children in the family (birth order) and spacing of children. The psychological ones include; love, tenderness, joy, zest, elation, pleasure, humor, laughter, anxiety, fear, anger, tolerance, empathy, sympathy and many others. It is generally accepted that primary factors are precursors of secondary factors. All these factors affect physical growth and development of children. For instance children brought up in harsh homes or homes with little love and in institutions and orphanages where affection is wanting may suffer retarded growth and development. Participant observation revealed that orphaned children from deplorable environment, dilapidated dwellings improved dramatically in Notre Dame Children’s Home (NDCH) in which guidance and counseling services were provided besides good environment. This was also noticed in some children, that is, graduates of Notre Dame Children’s Home who returned to their various homes from boarding schools, where they have not been properly taken care off after a period of being in orphanage. It is against this backdrop that this study sought to establish the influence of guidance and counselling services on psychogenic needs of orphans and vulnerable children of Notre Dame Outreach. The study established that Guidance and Counselling (G&C) services impacted positively and significantly on Orphans and Vulnerable Children’s psychological needs. Thus, most Orphans and Vulnerable Children (OVCs) did not find it hard to adjust after receiving guidance and counseling services. Normally, children aged between six and ten years often suffer from restlessness, sleep disturbance, lack of appetite and loss of weight in the first three months of school life because of tension of adjusting to the transition from home to school. For the children who have proceeded to secondary schools, middle level colleges and universities, the expectations are that they should have adjusted accordingly though some factors may have long lasting effect on them. For instance, if a child lives with security, he learns to have faith in himself; if a child lives with hostility, he learns to fight; if a child lives with acceptance, he learns to love; if a child lives with fear, he learns to be apprehensive; if a child lives with approval, he learns to be like himself and if a child lives with recognition, he learns to have a goal. In effect the OVCs who have graduated from Notre Dame Children Home were found to have developed strong personalities acquiring the desired skills, knowledge and attitudes which they benefited from the guidance and counselling services and thus were found to be striving to excel, being creative, innovative, economical and independent in their undertakings.

Introduction: Providing options for couples who are having difficulty conceiving represent an important part of solution to the rising rate of infertility. Objective: to access the awareness, acceptance and practice of egg donation among female Nigerian population. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study which involved 200 females that attended Eke-Akiyi Market in Umulokpa, Uzo-Uwani LGA of Enugu State, Nigeria. A minimum sample size of 200 was calculated for the study and a structured self-administered questionnaire employed in gathering information on socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge, attitude, and willingness to participate in egg donation. Simple random sampling was employed in selecting participants from different wings of the Market. Data was analyzed using Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23. Descriptive statistics was used to summarize the results which were presented with the aid of charts and frequency tables. The level of significance was set at 95% probability level (p < 0.05). Result: Most of the research participants were within the age group 18 – 27 years (34.0%), with mean age of 24.2+ 1yrs. The study population comprised mainly of people who had formal education (93.0%). There was high level of awareness of egg donation in the studied Nigerian population (81%). However, the willingness and practice of egg donation was generally poor. Only 16% of the participants have donated egg in their life-time and only about 33%of the research participants agreed to donate egg incase of need. Financial benefit was mainly the reason for accepting to donate egg as noted in 68.8% of research participants. Religious inclination, cultural factors, and fear of pain constituted the bulk of the reason for refusal to be involved in egg donation. On perception of the respondents concerning egg donation, they were more in support of widows and divorcees donating egg than they were of singles and the married. Conclusion: The low level of acceptance and practice of egg donation observed in this study in the phase of rising rate of infertility calls for heath education of the populace, especially the prospective donors.

Background and Objectives: Incisional hernia is the most common complication following abdominal surgery that requires reoperation. Incisional hernia is more common in females following obstetrics and gynaecological surgeries. Laparoscopic incisional hernia repair has been gaining popularity for small and medium sized ventral hernias.The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical details of incisional hernia following obstetrics and gynaecological surgeries and early outcomes of laparoscopicintraperitonealonlay mesh hernia repair using composite mesh. Methods: A prospective hospital based observational study in which 36 females with incisional hernia following obstetrics and gynaecological surgeries were enrolled and clinical details were taken. Laparoscopic intraperitonealonlay mesh hernioplasty using composite mesh with or without primary closure of defect was done. Results: Thirty six females with a mean age of 49.2years with incisional hernia through previous midline (63.88%), pfannensteil(36.12%) incisions presented with swelling(80.5%), pain(16.6%) over incision sites. There was previous history of previous hysterectomy(47.2%), caesarean section(38.8%),myomectomy(5.6%),ectopic rupture(5.6%) and ovarian cyst rupture(2.7%) with comorbidities like obesity(19.4%),diabetes(11.1%),COPD(2.7%),smoking(2.7%) and history of postoperative wound infection following previous surgery(5.6%).Patients underwent laparoscopic intraperitonealonlay mesh hernioplasty using composite mesh with introduction of mesh in 4-170 sec, adjusting and fixation of mesh in 30 -60min using tacks and transfascial sutures. Hospital stay was a mean of 2.1days with complications of seroma formation(8.3%) and recurrence(5.6%). Conclusion: Incisional hernia following obstetrics and gynaecological procedures is a common problem which can be effectively treated with laparoscopic onlay mesh hernioplasty.

Aim: To review current articles advocating the integration of sustainable healthcare in medical education curriculum. Context: The concepts of innovation in healthcare sustainability are relatively new in medical education. It focuses on long-term health promotion, wellness, and wellbeing in order to lighten the burden on the healthcare system. Medical schools can serve as a breeding ground for the development of knowledge, skills, and innovation to address environmental challenges through innovative and collaborative approaches. Material and method: Few articles were reviewed for application of sustainability in medical education curriculum. Findings and inference: When the concept is integrated into the medical curriculum, young minds will embrace it and work toward attainable sustainability goals. Inference: The following are some of the topics that will be addressed in the curriculum and which future doctors should be able to do: 1.Evaluate the clinical and cost effectiveness of therapies and select investigations based on cost effectiveness. Work to make such approaches more innovative. 2.Procedures and infrastructure that are environmentally friendly. 3.Nutrition in connection to individual patients and societies, which may provide some possibility for sustainable healthcare education. 4. Recognize the effects of global and climate change. 5. "Seeking strategies to consistently enhance the usage and prioritization of resources" is part of patient safety and quality improvement. 6. Recognize how therapy and care can add to a patient's burden and make decisions to alleviate it where possible, especially when the patient has several diseases or is towards the end of life." 7. Diagnosis and medical management. Doctors who qualify should be able to apply sustainable healthcare ideas to their medical practice. Inclusion of teaching sustainability in medical education to add a new dimension to future learning. The concepts of innovation and sustainability are relatively new in medical education. It focuses on long-term health promotion, wellness, and wellbeing in order to lighten the burden on the healthcare system.

Background: Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (AECOPD) is a common reason for hospitalization and a major cause of death and disability worldwide. Intravenous MgSO4 has shown benefits in acute severe asthma by producing bronchodilation. However, the use of intravenous MgSO4 in acute exacerbations of COPD alone or as an adjuvant to bronchodilators is lacking and more studies are needed to establish its usefulness. Aim/Objectives: To study the role of serum magnesium in acute exacerbation of COPD. To study the role of intravenous magnesium sulfate in acute exacerbation of COPD. Methods: A non-randomized, open-label, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, comparative prospective interventional study, where 100 subjects were allotted into 2 groups (group M and group P) of 50 each to receive either 2g of intravenous MgSO4 or a similar amount of normal saline as placebo along with nebulized salbutamol. The efficacy of MgSO4 was evaluated by measuring PEFR a primary outcome parameter at 0,15,30 and 45 mins. Irrespective of the group serum magnesium of all 100 patients are monitored at the time of admission Statistical Analysis: The statistical software SPSS V.16.0 was used for all analysis of the data &MS Word & Excel have been used to generate graphs, tables, etc. All the results are presented as mean ± SD & the range values for the continuous data. The categorical data are presented as numbers & percentages. A p-value of ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. Result: The mean difference in the MgSO4 group at every observation was higher than the placebo. The mean change in PEFR (193.04± 43.47) in the MgSO4 group at 45mins observation was Significantly (p=0.0170) higher than in placebo (172.4± 41.47). The serum magnesium level was also monitored but our study was not able to prove a significant correlation between hypomagnesemia and acute exacerbation of COPD. Conclusions: The benefits of intravenous MgSO4 as an adjuvant to bronchodilators in AECOPD resulted in improvement of clinical condition and PEFR. The improvement in PEFR was significantly higher with MgSO4 than with placebo MgSO4 enhances the early bronchodilator response of other drugs and has significant efficacy.

Bone grafting replaces a patient's missing bone with both natural and artificial materials. Biocompatibility, bioresorbability, structural stability, availability, ease of handling, and cost are all factors to consider when choosing an augmentation material for grafting. Osseointegrative ability refers to the graft's ability to integrate and bond with the host. There is currently no complete bone substitute that meets the requirements for biocompatibility, bioabsorption, and volume maintenance. The bioabsorbability of leftover bone substitutes and the volume maintenance of the augmented tissue are inversely related over time. An allograft is a type of human tissue obtained from someone other than the recipient of the graft. Fresh or frozen bone, FDBA, DFDBA, and cortico-cancellous bone allografts are the three types of bone allografts available. The mineral to organic matrix ratio of hydroxyapatite (HA) is similar to that of human bone. The granular form is sterile and ready to use in periodontal and other bony defects treatment, as well as bone maintenance. Cancellous bone is resorbable, and new bone will gradually replace it. Alloplastic grafts can be made with bioactive glass or hydroxyapatite. When calcium sulphate deteriorates, it loses a lot of its mechanical properties, making it a risky choice for load bearing applications. To supplement residual alveolar ridges, porous tricalcium phosphate ceramic could be used. In apical resection areas, cystic defects, extraction sockets, and alveoli, bioactive glass particles with a narrow size range promote osteogenesis. Synthetic polymers, like natural polymers, are resorbed by the body. PRF is a fibrin matrix that traps and releases platelet cytokines, growth factors, and cells over time. PRP has been shown to help with periodontal and oral surgery outcomes. PRP may aid the body's natural wound-healing mechanisms when used in dentistry.

Kanamycin is one of the injectable second line anti-tubercular drug used in multidrug resistant tuberculosis. It caused renal electrolyte wasting causing dyselectrolytemia in our patient presenting with carpopedal spasm `which resolved after discontinuation of kanamycin.

Objective: The objective of our study was to document the histological type and morphology of neoplastic lesion found concomitantly with renal calculi. Background: Renal calculi is one of the most common urological condition. Chronic irritation induced by predisposing factors superimposed by infection is believed to induce squamous metaplasia. Subsequent development of leucoplakia and neoplasia in the urothelium stimulated RCC. The dismal prognosis of renal malignancy in patients with long standing calculi compelled us to study the clinicopathological presentation. Methods: In our series, we retrospectively examined records of about the nephrectomies done for long standing calculi with nonfunctional kidney in Pravara Rural Hospital, Loni during a span of 3 years from January 2018 to March 2021. Results: We analysed 30 cases of nephrectomies considering pre-op factors like age, gender, laterality of disease, radiological investigations ,method of determination of non functional kidney(USG,CT-IVP,DTPA), signs and symptoms of distant metastasis, type of nephrectomy and histopathological report of the nephrectomy specimens in patients with long standing renal calculi. 62.5% were males and 37.5% females. Right side malignancy was reported in 75% patients where as left side reported in 25% patients. 75 % patients underwent Simple nephrectomy whereas only 25% patients underwent radical nephrectomy for the same. Histopathological study 62.5% of the patients had squamous cell carcinoma 25 % of the patients had clear cell carcinoma,12.5% had urothelial Carcinoma with squamoid differentiation. Lymphovascular invasion was found in 37.5% of the patients. Conclusions: Our study has shown that malignancies associated with stone disease have insidious onset of clinical symptoms and there is a fair incidence of squamous malignancies. The possible way to improve prognosis is early diagnosis by screening patients of long standing urolithiasis with a CT scan in order to detect the associated malignancies. So the planning of appropriate early surgical intervention can be done and to improve the prognosis .

Background: Makkah Al-Mokarramah, Saudi Arabia has a special consideration in Islamic religion as millions of people came to perform Umrah and Hajj during the year, gathering multi ethnicity and nationality. Objectives: To estimate the prevalence and associated risk factors of COVID-19 in suspected patients and close contact with confirmed cases in Makkah Al-Mokarramah, 2020. Subjects and methods: A cross-sectional study included all high score suspected patients and those confirmed contact with positive cases that were screened in 5 primary health care centers assigned as COVID-19 screening centers in Makkah Al-Mokarramah. Self-administration secondary data, that were uploaded from Health Electronic Surveillance Network were utilized. Results: A total of 143288 individuals were included. The overall difference between cases and control subjects as regards age distribution was statistically significant, p<0.001. Males represented 70.1% of cases and 66.8% of controls, p<0.001. The prevalence of COVID-19 among the study participants was 56.6%. Both cases and controls were more reported in June, 2020 compared to May, 2020 (70% and 59.8% vs. 30% and 40.2%). The prevalence of confirmed and suspected cases was 44.9% and 29.9%, respectively. Regarding the outcome, majority of cases (82.1%) recovered whereas case-fatality rate was 2%. Concerning symptoms, the most frequently reported were fever (88.4%), cough (88.3%), sore throat (73%) and running nose (56.7%). History of patients `admission was observed among 36.5% of them. Concerning the initial reason for admission, respiratory reasons ranked first (58.9%). Conclusion: COVID-19 was commonly reported among suspected patients and close contact with confirmed cases. Their hospital admission was relatively common and the case fatality rate was lower than others.

COVID-19 pandemic has changed the living of people of all ages throughout the world. While it led to fear and restricted movements of all, it also resulted in the problems related to least movements such as overcrowding in small houses, increased domestic violence, joblessness, addiction, etc. Most of these had detrimental effects on the lives of people including preschool children. Normally preschool children attend anganwadi/ Balwadi or the pay group nursery in India. This is the time to prepare the children for schooling in next few years, normally. The preschool phase lasts for two to three years. The phase emphasizes separation individuation of the child from the primary caregiver, - the mother in most cases. It is also a phase of social skill training like learning to mix, talk, share and play with other children. The COVID-19 pandemic has brought these activities to absolute standstill in last one and a half year. Naturally the children today with lockdown lifted and school opened offline are poorly prepared for the schooling. The foregoing article gives and account of the multiple dimensions in which this lockdown might have influenced the preschool children.

Teacher performance is a quality matter of great consideration in institutions of learning and in particular basic education institutions. It is for this reason that measures have been put in place to enhance teacher performance worldwide. In Kenya programmes such as strengthening of Mathematics and Science in secondary Education (SMASSE) have been undertaken. In fact SMASSE was a major joint venture between the Kenya government through Ministry of Education and government of Japan through Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), 1998 to 2003. Later on Centre for Mathematics, Science and Technology Education in Africa (CEMASTEA) was created in 2001 to implement SMASSE programmes aimed at capacity building of teachers for quality curriculum delivery. These programmes were extended and changed to strengthening of Mathematics and Science Education (SMASE) to accommodate both primary and secondary school activities. In all these programmes the central factor is headteacher’s leadership. This is because the headteacher is the accounting officer and implementor of government policies at school level. Teacher performance is a product of headteacher’s leadership, hence headteacher’s leadership style is critical. In this regard, studies have provided contradicting revelations, some posit autocratic leadership style as critical in teacher performance improvement while others indicate that autocratic leadership style has negative influence on teacher performance. The objective of this study was therefore to establish the influence of head teachers' autocratic leadership style on teacher performance in public primary schools. The study established that autocratic leadership style significantly influences teacher performance with regard to schemes of work preparation, lesson planning, preparation of teaching /learning resources, content delivery, formative evaluation and summative evaluation. Since autocratic leadership style accounted for only 17.7% of the variation in teacher performance, the study recommends that autocratic leadership style should be used sparingly or cautiously so as to enhance teacher performance optimumly.

Road accidents and various other form of accidents are common nowadays which causes deaths. According to the data received from WHO approximately 1.3 million people dies in road accidents every year. Not only in India but also in other countries the number of accidents is very high. Most of the time road accidents happens due to driver’s sleep. In this paper, a good intention to implement the driver drowsiness detection system which will help to reduce road accidents. This system is based on deep learning and with an accurate android application. We are tried here with lightweight structure of application which will get easy to handle to everyone.

How do people visit museums and inspire themselves? Existing papers focus almost entirely on the digital exhibition or marketing perspective, while other researchers have studied social media with a specific focus on how to increase the number of followers. Unlike these papers, this work puts emphasis on the digital-familiar generation, whose social media usage is among the top across age groups. With Covid-19 widespread, online information influences offline behaviors, possibly indicating the role of social media as an alternative to museum visits. To examine this idea, we provide survey evidence that consists of four parts - demographic, social media usage, museum visiting during Covid-19, and others. In short, Covid-19 has influenced museum visiting patterns but did not have much impact on the followings of museums’ social media accounts. Specifically for students whose majors are art-related, they find it necessary to visit the museum in-person, suggesting that the role of social media as an alternative to museum visits is insufficient.

This report aims to make a state of the art of the evolution of heat waves during the period 1982 to 2014 in the Sahel and to try to establish a link between heat waves and precipitation as well as Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). This will allow a better predictability of future changes in heat waves, the only way to minimize the damage because the models predict that warming will continue even beyond the 21st century. Estimation of heat waves was made on the basis of the heat index that combines air temperature and relative humidity to get a value which determines the temperature felt by the skin. The threshold is set at the 90th percentile of the heat index for a period of at least 3 days together with a minimal spatial extension. Heat waves appear seasonally, with a maximum during the month April-May-June (WAN) and they had a high inter-annual variability during the period 1982-2014. The years 1998 and 2010 have been severe heat waves extensions while those of 1982, 1984 and 1985 recorded low. The study on the severity of episodes of summer heat waves carried on the threshold of the intensity of the heat index and duration. It appears that the years 1998, 2001 and 2010 were severe. The correlation between heat waves in spring and summer precipitation in the same year give a correlation coefficient r = 0.30. This result was impacted by the effect of El Nino Southern Pacific (Multivariate ENSO Index (MEI)) and lowered r=0.10. The MEI is correlated with heat waves of spring and summer precipitation for respective values of correlation coefficient r = -0.20 and r = -0.17. Then the correlation coefficient of the precipitation of the year (n-1) and the heat waves of the year (n) was r = 0.29. This correlation value is found to be very strong by eliminating the abnormally hot years (1998 and 2010), with a coefficient r = 0.56.The studies also try to link heat waves and the last year normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) a correlation coefficient equal to r = 0.28 was found and correlation between NDVI and summer precipitation gave r = 0.67.

Food is the basic requirement of the human life. It is said that an individual's personality can be judged by the type & amount of food taken by him or her. Many people suffer from various disorders due to the insufficient or excess nutrition. It become little sensitive; when we think about school going children. This article is mainly focused on Nutritional Disorders in school going children. A survey was conducted by which nutritional disorders like obesity, vitamin B deficiency problems were detected among children.

Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) is a chronic multifactorial sleep-related breathing disorder characterized by a partial or total obstruction of the upper airways resulting in a reduction of airflow during sleep. Undiagnosed OSA is closely associated with consequential health problems, including diabetes and cardiac related disorders. Periodontitis is characterized by local bacterial infection within tooth supporting structures which is previously unrecognized but vastly prevalent and clinically relevant disease associated with OSA. It also adversely impacts cardiovascular health by increasing the production of cytokines, promoting atherosclerosis, which is also highly associated with OSA. Further well-structured studies are needed to explore the role of these biomarkers on the progression of Obstructive Sleep Apnoea both from the research and clinical perspective.

The adsorption isotherms of norfloxacin (NOR) by the spent coffee grounds (SCGs) was investigated. The adsorption isotherms were well described by the Langmuir model. This suggested that the strong interaction of NOR with the SCGs. Therefore, SCGs, as a green, environmental-friendly adsorbent, can be applied to the adsorption of contaminants in environment.

Introduction: Alemtuzumab is a new generation monoclonal antibody with anti-CD52 action and with specific indication for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. In recent years, however, "off-label" applications in the immunological field have begun, such as immunosuppression in transplants or the treatment of other dysimmune diseases. The purpose of this article is, starting from its characteristics, to describe these uses and the tolerability profile. Materials and methods: A computerized search was carried out for the articles inserted through the use of international databases such as pubmed, scopus, researchgate, google scholar, selecting articles about alemtuzumab with particular regard to pharmacovigilance and new off-label applications. The research was carried out by selecting recent articles, obviously also including those relating to authorized uses. We also use the AIFA site and some books for the chapter on pharmacovigilance together with the "codifa" site to evaluate the technical data sheet. Discussion and Conclusion: Alemtuzumab is an interesting drug, very potent and usable for both inducing and maintaining remission from highly active forms of multiple sclerosis. However, induced immuno-reconstitution has prompted researchers to test its use both in the transplant field, especially for the immunosuppression induction regimen in the immediate post-surgical period, and for immuno-manipulation in the management of autoimmune diseases such as some rheumatic forms. refractory to conventional treatments. However, it must be said that safety is not always favorable, as it is associated with two important risks; severe opportunistic infections (including PML) and induction of secondary autoimmunity, particularly on the thyroid gland.

Background: The microorganisms play an important role in pulpal and peri-radicular disease pathogenesis, their eradication by mechanical instrumentation is the ultimate goal of endodontic treatment. Objective: To evaluate the mechanical reduction of Enterococcus faecalis by Rotary ProTaper Gold instrument and Reciprocating Reciproc Blue instrument in apical third of root canal by microbiological culture analysis and scanning electron microscopy. Material and Methods: Sixty mandibular premolars were selected and randomly divided in two groups i.e., Group A (ProTaper Gold) and Group B (Reciproc Blue). The teeth were decoronated at 14 mm from the apex to standardize the length. All the samples were sterilized using autoclave, followed by contamination with Enterococcus faecalis. Contamination was confirmed by SEM evaluation. Pre-instrumentation samples were taken for microbiological evaluation. Instrumentation was done in Group A by ProTaper Gold and in Group B by Reciproc Blue. Post-instrumentation samples were taken for microbiological evaluation. The root canals were then split longitudinally into two halves and apical third of each specimen was examined under SEM. Thus collected data were statistically analyzed using paired ‘t’ test, unpaired ‘t’ test and Mann-Whitney test. Results: Both techniques showed statistically highly significant difference from pre-instrumentation value to post-instrumentation value (p<0.001). The instrumentation in Group B resulted in somewhat better bacterial reduction than in Group A, however no statistically significant difference was found (p>0.05). Statistical analysis by Mann-Whitney test showed no statistically significant difference in mean of SEM scores for bacteria at 1 mm and 3 mm level in both groups (p>0.05). Conclusion: Both instrumentation techniques were effective in reducing bacterial load after mechanical preparation with statistically insignificant difference between them.