July 2023

This article is prepared to show the importance of affective domain in the personality development of an individual. Along with this, another aim of this study is to see the interrelationship of the affective domain with values and value based education. As a method of study, literature review is done and for this, literature was collected from various online and offline sources. Inter comparison of content was adopted as the method of analysis. On the basis of analysis of content, it may be concluded that, when we talk about multi directional development of an individual, equal importance must be given to affective domain along with cognitive aspects. Affective domain is developed in hierarchical order of some steps of affective domain process. Affective domain process is focused on internalization of values, and it is necessary for affective development to take value development as base. For value development, value based education is desirable. There are many formal and non-formal ways of value based education. Value based education could be given in structured way through adopting some value models. One of these models is value clarification model that gives the direction for value development through following some specific steps. Development of affective domain is reflected as values inculcated through this model.

The purpose of the study was to find out the differences between the reasons behind difficulties of life science concepts of under graduate zoology students of Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya and Atal Bihari Vajpayee University Bilaspur, (C.G.) Chhattisgarh state. For the present study two hundred (200) B.Sc. 3rd year Zoology students of Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya and Atal Bihari Vajpayee University Bilaspur, (C.G.), India was selected. For the present study researcher has selected students those who are studying in B.Sc. 3rd year at the time of data collection. For the collection of data researcher has constructed “Reasons Behind Difficulties Inventory” (RBDI)” with reliability 0.75measured through test, re-test methodand to find out the difference chi square test was usedand implemented purposive sampling technique. In this present study only twenty (20) life science concepts of B.Sc. 3rd year Zoology subject were taken and remaining zoology concepts of B.Sc. 3rd year has not been considered. After collection of data through this tool researcher has analysed the quantitative data by using descriptive statistics. The study concluded that there was a significant difference between graduate zoology students of Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya and Atal Bihari Vajpayee University Bilaspur, (C.G.)in all the selected ten reasons at 0.025level of significance.

Rakta, which is an essential component of our body, has been given much importance in Ayurveda. It serves many functions in our body and is even considered the fourth Dosha by Acharya Sushruta (Shastri, 2020). Rakta is considered Prana, and that is why it is very important to save or preserve this priceless entity, as Raktasrava (haemorrhage) can lead to many morbid conditions and even death (Sashtri, 2020; Gupta, 1951). Loss of Rakta from the body can be due to Shastra Karma (surgical procedures), some Vyadhis (diseases) like Raktapitta, any Aghata (trauma), or during Raktamokshan (Therapeutic Bloodletting). For this purpose, Acharya Sushruta described four Raktastambhanopayas (haemostatic measures), which are Skandana, Sandhana, Pachana, and Dahana (Shastri, 2020). This review focuses on the four haemostatic measures used in Ayurveda, their probable mode of action, and modern correlations.

Background: Transcatheter aortic valve replacement for severe aortic stenosis patients became an acceptable non inferior alternative to routine surgical replacement with good outcomes in high-risk patients and inoperable patients. But a new group of complications start to be encountered after performing this procedure, one of these groups is non-access site complication. Objectives: in this study we try to find the incidence of post transcutaneous aortic valve replacement complications, especially non-access site complications, and try to find if there are any association between some risk factors and complications incidence. Methods: From 2015 to 2022, a total of 89 patients can be followed in transcutaneous aortic valve replacement clinic at queen alia heart institute. baseline patient characteristics, procedural details, and clinical outcomes retrospectively collected through reviewing their electronic medical files. We evaluated the total cohort for different types of complications, especially the following: post procedural acute kidney injury, post procedural high degree atrioventricular block mandating permanent pacemaker implantation, post procedural cerebrovascular accident, post procedural paravalvular leak and intraprocedural acute pulmonary edema. We try to find a relationship between. These major complications and certain risk factors as diabetes, hypertension, pre-existing chronic kidney disease, associated mitral valve dysfunction, pre-existing conduction abnormalities and left ventricular dysfunction. Study population also divided into subgroups according to age and gender, and we try to find a difference between these subgroups regarding incidence of complication. Results: Mean patient age was 80 ± 7 years, 49.4% of the patients were women, 84.3% were hypertensive, 39.3% were diabetic, 7.9% were chronic kidney disease patients, 5.6% had a history of cerebrovascular accident. 3.4% had post procedural moderate paravalvular regurgitation, 15.4% developed high degree atrioventricular block mandating permanent pacemaker implantation, 7.9% developed intraprocedural acute pulmonary edema, 6.7% developed post implantation cerebrovascular accident and 4.5% developed post procedural acute kidney injury. Conclusions: various type of complication can be encountered and should be managed promptly after Transcatheter aortic valve replacement, addressing and studying these complication should be encouraged worldwide as this procedure became a novel strategy in managing severe aortic stenosis, right heart catheterization for filling pressure measurement and controlling co-morbidities as diabetes and hypertension may decrease the incidence of transcatheter aortic valve replacement periprocedural complications.

The gamma-aminobutyric acid tartrate, glutamic acid, dibasic calcium phosphate, thiamine, pyridoxine, and cyanocobalamin combination is an innovative way to manage Motion Sickness (MS). To assess the participants' clinical improvement, we measured their reduction in the mean MSAQ (Motion Sickness Assessment Questionnaire) score. We found significant improvements favoring the use of this association for the chronic treatment of MS.

Following the widespread adoption of cloud computing, researchers and businesses have been developing additional approaches that bring computing closer to the end users in order to realise ground-breaking applications, provide better QoS, exert more control over sensitive data, and maximise resource reuse. So, a general definition of mist computing is the downward push of cloudy computing characteristics to sensor networking at the very edge of the network. As is customary for Internet technology trends, Mist Computing has quietly become well-known, but it still needs a lot of work and time to evolve into a clear and understood technology that changes the industrial landscape. The conventional methods have drawbacks, such as a lack of generality and a significantly slower rate of convergence. In order to address the challenge of sending enormous amounts of data to far-off cloud data centres, new computing paradigms like mist and fog computing have emerged as a result of the Internet of Things' (IoT) fast proliferation. The data is transmitted to the cloud server in the traditional setup of a GIS framework based on cloud computing, where it is processed and examined. On the Internet, this method used a lot of computing power and traffic. The Internet of Things (IoT), which consists of a network of connected sensors and devices, is continually growing. As a result, massive volumes of data of all kinds being created at speeds that were previously unheard of. Fog computing emerged as a solution to the problem of moving huge amounts of IoT data to distant cloud resources for processing by adding a layer between the IoT and cloud levels. This review paper addresses three of applications of mist computing, specifically Internet of Things, SmartHealth and Geospatial Data Analysis.

This study aims to analyze how well-known marks are protected internationally and to elaborate on whom is justice addressed when it comes to regulating a well-known mark. This research uses normative research with statutory, case, analytical, and conceptual approaches. It employs primary legal materials in the form of laws and regulations, and secondary legal materials related to similar literature or readings derived from other scientific writings. The results show that the protection of internationally well-known marks has been regulated, particularly under Article 16(2) of the TRIPs Agreement that complies with the Paris Convention. To become a well-known mark, several categories must be fulfilled, namely: a mark must already be registered in various member countries, continuous promotions need to be carried out, and by determining the knowledge of the trademark in the relevant sector of the public. After fulfilling all categories and becoming well-known marks, it can be protected in entire member countries without the need registration process. Well-known mark protection provides justice not only for well-known mark owners but particularly relevant consumers as it offers a sense of security and comfort upon such reputation attached to the said well-known mark. Further, the emerging well-known marks from other countries such as Indonesia will get the same equal treatment with reciprocity principles. In addition, the existence of well-known marks protection also will increase and open job opportunities in the countries where well-known marks are spread out to be marketed.

Plasticizers are indispensable class of polymeric compounds which are non-volatile and low molecular weight in nature and are mainly used as an additive in polymer industries (1). The foremost role of these polymeric material is to improve the plasticity or flexibility and processability of various polymers such as PVC. During last few years it is estimated that almost 5 million tones of Plasticizers are produced worldwide. Different types of Plasticizers are used in PVC, EPDM compounding to give better processability. This paper reviews the different classes of Plasticizers used world wide for various applications.

Languages are complex in nature and subsume social and cultural elements along with linguistic patterns. They are the access points to knowledge. It is thus that languages form an integral part of learning in the Indian context. Moreover, foreign-languages broaden the perspective and expose learners to new cultures, societies and ways of life. Accordingly, many foreign languages, especially French, are taught in educational institutions across the spectrum. However, it is important to ensure that foreign-language learning puts an emphasis on the communicative and socio-cultural aspects of the language. With an increasing base of users and viewing, media presents a potential for access to global content. This media potential may be exploited in a language classroom to give students an exposure to foreign-languages and to highlight its complex nature. This study explores the role of media in a French-language classroom. Media-based activities were conducted in an undergraduate French classroom which yielded positive results in the form of improvement of student participation and language skills. This study thus defines the scope and role of mediated content as a pedagogical tool for language learning.

A study has been conducted at Regional Horticultural Research Station, Vegetable Research Scheme, Aspee College of Horticulture and Forestry Navsari Agricultural University on screening different genotypes/ germplasms against early blight of tomato caused by Alternaria solani. Thirty three genotypes/ germplasms were screened under natural field condition. Among them nine were found highly resistant, fifteen were found resistant, five were found moderately resistant and four genotypes were found susceptible against A. solani. None of the genotypes were found highly susceptible.

Charles Dickens is considered to be one of the most representative writers of the Victorian age. The Victorian age was an age of peace, prosperity and progress. This age witnessed many drastic and sweeping changes. This age was one of the most remarkable periods in the history of English literature. Victorian age was also known as the age of faith and doubt, the age of friction between science and religion. It was the period of rise of the middle class. Queen Victoria inspired and influenced the people with love, affection and patriotism and the English empire reached to the zenith of progress and prosperity. But, unfortunately, the bright side of this age also had many social evils. Dickens had vividly presented these evils in his works. Dickens was indeed a novelist with a purpose of exposing these evils prevalent in the society and drawing the attention of his readers. As this was the period of industrial revolution, so the workhouse culture became prominent, but the condition of workers became miserable and inhuman. These workers were exploited by their masters and treated in a most callous and apathetic manner. Even the children were exploited and were forced to work in factories and industries in miserable conditions. Charles Dickens, in portraying the sufferings and pathetic condition of children, has excelled any other writer. Dickens was also known as the social reformer and a critic who has exposed the follies of his age in a meticulous way. In almost all his novels, Dickens has addressed the social issues and especially the unhappy childhood of orphans and isolated children. Charles Dickens is one of the most famous writers in English literature. In his novels, he explores the themes of exploitation, corruption, abuse, crime, injustice, inequality, etc. that were probably inspired by his own unhappy childhood. The principal qualities of Dickens as a writer are excellent descriptive power, fascinating humour and poignant pathos and wonderful art of characterization.

Yoga is a traditional Indian science that defines a way of life. It is practiced by practitioners using a variety of techniques, including asanas, pranayama, meditation, etc. The type and length of pranayama practices have a significant impact on the physiological reactions that are produced by various pranayama techniques..There is an intimate connection between the breath, nerve currents, and the control of the inner prana, or vital force. Methods: This study was conducted at Sree Ramakrishna Medical College of Naturopathy and Yogic Sciences. 30 students have been selected for this research. The aim of the research was explained, and verbal consent was obtained. Result: The SPSS programme version 16.0 was used for the data analysis. It is evident that performing Bhramari pranayama for 10 minutes reduced systolic blood pressure (t9.185, sig 2tailed.000) and diastolic blood pressure (t7.350, sig 2tailed.000), but that the pulse rate increased (t-12.348, sig 2tailed.000) after completing the practice. Conclusion: It can be concluded that pranayama has a beneficial effect on cardiovascular functions and cardiac autonomic activity if practiced for a longer duration. This significant result proved that practice of Bhramari pranayama gives good results in maintaining blood pressure and also reduces the stress levels that we experience in our day to day lives.

Art is a reflection of the cultural, social and historical contexts in which it emerges. By exploring different cultures, and perspectives, students gain a deeper understanding of global issues, social justice and the role of art in society. Art explores its interpretations and representation. The field of art education has been impacted by the covid-19 pandemic in complex ways. Art educators have been challenged with teaching visual art skills, practices and concepts, to students in virtual classrooms using non-conventional means. Their principal goal has been to provide quality education in the Visual arts for all students. The National Art Education Association provided a wealth of digital resources to support virtual interactions during this time. These resources enabled art educators to successfully address the educational needs of their students. The long-term impact of the pandemic will require research to understand the nature of the impact of the pandemic on education and how educational policy needs to be adjusted to reflect the new-post-pandemic educational landscape. Art and cultural organisations in the region are re-thinking audience engagement through digital approaches as well as continuing to commission artists to create/ inspire new work and we are seeing arts and cultural organisations coming together and creating peer-support groups.

Aims: The study investigated the influence of aquatic therapy method–based McKenzie and Williams among patients with nonspecific low back pain (NSLBP). Methods: Semi-experimental pre-test and post-test with a control group design trial was conducted at Aqua Centric Private Limited, India. Thirty-eight NSLBP patients (18 men and 20 women, age: 52.5 ± 7 years) were recruited. Aquatic therapy program developed based on McKenzie and Williams therapy was performed individually 3 days per week for 20 sessions. Therefore, the study compared an aquatic therapy group (based on McKenzie and Williams therapy) to a control group. Participants attended an aquatic therapy program under the supervision of an aquatic therapist. The Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), and Straight Leg Raise Test (SLRT) were measured at the beginning, middle, and at the end of the 20sessions to determine pain and functionality of the patient’s improvement. Results: Overall, NPRS, RMDQ, and SLRT scores were improved in aquatic therapy group in the 10th session and 20th session compared with baseline (p ≤ 0.001) and control group (p ≤ 0.001). No difference in the treatment variables between the 10thsession and the 20th session was observed (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The results indicated that the NSLBP symptom was improved after 20 sessions of aquatic therapy program developed based on McKenzie and Williams therapy.

Mung bean belongs to the Family Faboideae , Subfamily Faboideae , Genus Vigna and Species Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek. The Vigna species grow in warm temperate and tropical regions globally. Vigna is most closely related to Phaseolus, hence Asia Vigna (sub¬genus Ceratotropis) was treated as Phaseolus until 1970. Mungbean (Vigna radiata) cultivation spread to all hot and warm Asian countries in ancient times, hence considerable diversification is recog¬nized. Mung bean belonging to the subgenus Ceratotropis is a diploid species with 2n = 2x = 22 chromosomes. The mung bean is commonly named as Mung bean, mung bean, moong bean, mash, golden gram, moong, Chickasaw, Oregon pea, and chop suey bean, chickasano pea, chiroko or simply mung, celera bean, Jerusalem pea and green gram. These species encompass small herbs to large tropical canopy trees and grow well in the humid tropics, temperate zones, high land, low land and arid zones. This legumes have a strategic position in Southeast Asian countries for nutritional security and sustainable crop production. Originating in India as early as 1500 BCE, the mung bean has historically been grown in warmer climates, able to thrive in tropical areas with little rainfall, though ideally a rainy season plant. There is also evidence that the green gram spread to China and Southeast Asia as early as 3000 years ago, known there as nga choi. Having been harvested in regions where many European powers had colonial outposts, green gram was likely exported to Europe for consumption. Worldwide, this crop is of minor importance with restricted geographical distribution, and has cautiously been subjected to detailed and intensive genetic and cytogenetic investigations. The dried grains of mung bean can be split or eaten whole after cooking and made into a soup or dhal. The iron availability in mung bean improves substantially to 7.2–11.3% through cooking practices such as soaking, fermenting and sprouting. Mung bean is also widely relished as sprouts. The germinated grains have higher nutritional value as compared with asparagus or mushroom. Green pods and seeds can be cooked as vegetables. These pulses are frequently fed to children, convalescents and geriatrics or used when “breaking” a long fasting period owing to their ease of digestibility. The haulms are used for fodder and the beans husks and small broken pieces are useful as a feed concentrate. The crops are also grown for hay, green manure and cover crop. Mung bean makes better hay than urad bean as the stems and leaves are less hairy. One hundred gram dry mung bean contains: protein 22 g and carbohydrate 60 g. It is a good source of minerals, provitamin A and vitamin B-complex. The seeds are aphrodisiac, tonic, appetiser, diuretic, good for heart and fatigue and used in paralysis, rheumatism and affections of nervous system. Generally, it is used for its antipyretic, antiscorbutic, diuretic, antidote, antihypertensive and anticancer properties. It has also been recommended for ache, heat, high blood pressure and inflammation. Seeds of this edible legume are used either raw or in cooked form at matured poultice because of its curative potential for polyneuritis. Seeds of mung beans are used to treat alcoholism also. These crops have the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen (58–109 kg per ha in kg per ha mung bean) in symbiotic association with Rhizobium bacteria, which enables them to meet their own nitrogen requirement and also benefit the succeeding crops. Mung bean production is mainly (90%) situated in Asia: India is the largest producer with more than 50% of world production but consumes almost its entire production. China produces large amounts of mung beans, which represents 19% of its legume production. In this review article on Origin, Domestication, Taxonomy, Botanical Description, Genetics and Cytogenetics, Genetic Diversity, Breeding, Uses, Nutritional Value and Health Benefits of mung bean are discussed.

A herbaceous plant, Carica papaya belonging to caricaceae family is well known for its nutraceutical properties. It is grown all the tropical regions .Papaya fruit is consumed by the humans in daily diet due to its medicinal and therapeutic properties .Each and every part of the plant has been depicted with some unique biochemical properties including leaves ,peels ,fruits, bark and even roots. The aim of the present review article is to enlist the miraculous properties of the seeds present inside the fruit The paper provides detailed information on the different properties of Carica papaya seed extract The seed powder extract have been found to be rich in proteins ,minerals ,essential oils along with various phytoconstituents which may be responsible for many ethno medicinal properties .

Elements of horror like curses, witchcraft, etc. which are used in literature or a movie are said to be Gothic literature or Gothic movie. The movie “Silent Hill” is directed by Christophe Gans’, who is specialized in Gothic movies. His other movies are Crying Freeman and Brotherhood of the Wolf. The film portrays the life of a child named Sharon who walks at night uttering Silent Hill. So, her mother, Rose, the heroin takes her to the town of Silent Hill. When they arrive there, their car encounters an accident knocking out Rose. When Rose awakes, she finds that Sharon is missing. While searching for her daughter, she fights with a local cult and zombies. Then she discovers the past connection of Sharon with the town and finds out that Sharon’s soul is only half of a local girl named Alessa, whose other half is hovering in that town for redemption. The movie ends with the redemption of Alessa’s soul. Through this article, the researcher uses Biblical themes to bring the redemption of Alessa’s soul concerning Christophe Gans’ “Silent Hill”.

Background: Human balance is a complex motor task. Its maintenance is essential in accomplishing daily tasks. The aging process and the chronic diseases that affect older adults lead to serious balance disorders, thus making such individuals more susceptible to falls. Physical mobility testing is an essential component of the geriatric Assessment .The BBS & POMA test measures basic mobility skills including a sequence of Functional manoeuvres used in everyday life. Method: 64 community-dwelling older adults with the age group of above 60 were selected on basis of inclusion & exclusion criteria from different old age homes in surat .Balance is assessed by BBS & POMA while mobility is assessed by POMA. Result: Data analysed by using t-test and pearson correlation which showed that there were significant difference of POMA scale and no significant difference of BBS between the groups with or without history of falls. Conclusion: The older adults with a history of falls performed poorly in the functional balance evaluation compared to those with no history of falls. These data demonstrate the importance of the balance tests in clinical practice as screening tools for older adults who are more susceptible to falls.

Background: Pelvic floor dyssynergia is an inability to relax the pelvic floor muscles during defecation. Successful defecation requires increased intra‐abdominal pressure combined with relaxation of the pelvic floor muscles. An inability to coordinate this action often results in chronic constipation, painful bowel movements, and excessive straining. The purpose of the case report is to describe the successful pelvic floor physiotherapy treatment of a patient with long‐standing constipation caused by pelvic floor dyssynergia. Study Design: This is a case report revealing the pelvic floor physiotherapy interventions used to treat the patient, the outcome of the treatment, and discussion and implications for current and future pelvic floor physiotherapy management of constipation caused by pelvic floor dyssynergia. Case Description: The patient was 38 years female complaining of chronic constipation existing since 15 years. The pelvic floor physiotherapy interventions included neuromuscular re‐education using electromyographic biofeedback, tactile biofeedback, and instruction regarding coordination of abdominal muscle contraction for increased intra‐abdominal pressure combined with pelvic floor muscle relaxation. Outcomes: The patient attended 10 pelvic floor physiotherapy sessions over a 8‐week time frame followed by 2 phone consultations. At time of discharge the patient was having normal bowel movements 80% of the time, was not using laxatives or enemas, reported no pain with bowel movements, improved his Obstructed Defecation Syndrome Score by 11 points and had returned to work. Discussion: This case report discusses the pelvic floor physiotherapy management of a man with pelvic floor dyssynergia causing chronic constipation. Interventions included biofeedback therapy and muscle retraining resulting in normal defecation.

This paper is an educational research’s preview completed with the students from the Bachelor of Ciencias de la Educacion (Bachelor of Science in Education, LCE) from Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa (Autonomous University of Sinaloa, UAS). It uses the action-research method and a pedagogical intervention approach through teaching and learning strategies, which address the needs of training students in pedagogical skills as future teachers. This research tries to formalize the concern about the projection that students forge from the entrance to this educational program, about a professional profile that is not being completely fulfilled and how the change of said perspective evolves as the training process progresses. To achieve this, strategic teaching and learning activities were carried out from various didactic-pedagogical competences and systematization of results.

Background/Aims: Arterial stiffness index (ASI) is significantly reduced after physical exercise or after Yoga activities. However, the effect of integrated yoga therapy (IAYT) for longer duration, using PC based cardiovascular analyzer & PPG analysis system on non-invasive cardiovascular responses such as arterial stiffness index or ankle brachial index (ABI) are not yet reported. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of IAYT for a longer duration on noninvasive cardiovascular responses including arterial stiffness index in both young and older malesresiding in rural areas. Methodology: A total of 20 male subjects were included in the study. All healthy participants were divided into two groups (A&B) based on their age. There were 10 participants in group A considered as young aged below 40 years, 10 old adults aged above 60 years were included in group B. All participants in group A & B were accepted and recorded all non- invasive cardiovascular parameters as experimental control (group C). A 6-weeks integrated approach of yoga therapy (IAYT) was given as an intervention to the participants come under group A & B. The PC based cardiovascular analyzer and PC based PPG analysis system were used to record almost all cardiovascular parameters signifying the status of arterial stiffness index and ankle brachial index at the beginning and end of the yoga program. The arterial stiffness index (ASI) and reflection index (RI) were computed from the pulse data. The data were analyzed using the paired-samples t test. Results: There was a significant reduction in Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV), ASI (P < 0.05) and no significant alterations (P>0.05) on ABI after IAYT for 6-weeks of IAYT in young and old participants. There was non-significant reduction in BMI after IAYT in healthy young and older adults, but the ASI was more significantly low (P<0.01) in young adults. There were no significant changes in Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP), Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) and Pulse Pressure (PP) after IAYT for 6 weeks. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that IAYT offered was more effective than Yoga or brisk-walk separately in reducing ASI. This could be due to reducing sympathetic activity and improved endothelial function with enhancement in bioavailability of NO, which would be less effective in aged individuals. The age-related endothelial dysfunction associated with decreased bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO), a potent vasodilator, contributes to vascular stiffness would not be ruled out. The life-style modalities in IAYT must be considered as a prime candidate to reduce cardiovascular diseases (CVD).

Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] belongs to the genus-Cajanus, subtribe-Cajaninae, tribe-Phaseoleae, order-Fabales,family-Fabaceae and sub-family Faboideae. There are two types of pigeon pea viz., 1) Cajanus cajan variety bicolor:- the colour of the flower of this variety is yellow, the plant is bushy and tall, pods are of dark colour which contains approx four to five seeds, we do its cultivation all over the world and 2) Cajanus cajan variety flavus:- the color of the flower of this variety is also yellow as compared to variety bicolor the size of the plant is small, the pod also contain only two to three seeds, but this is an early maturing variety so it is cultivated more, it is also cultivated all over the world. The name pigeonpea was first used in Barbados where pigeon were fed the seeds of Cajanus cajan . Red gram (Cajanus cajan L.) belonging to Leguminosae family has several species that vary in height, habit, maturation period, colour, size, and form of pods and seeds. In India the plant is known by various different names such as; Assamese: arahar,• Bengali: arahar, mirai-maha, • Gujarati: tuver, • Hindi: arhar, tuvar, • Kannada: togari bele, togari kalu, • Konkani: tori, • Malayalam: adhaki, tuvara, • Manipuri: mairongbi, • Marathi: tur, • Oriya: har-har, kakshi, tubara, • Punjabi: dinger, • Tamil: adhaki, iruppuli, kaycci), and tuvarai, • Telugu: adhaki, kandi, togari, tuvaramu, and in Urdu: اarhar, tuar. The centre of origin is the eastern part of peninsular India, including the state of Orissa, where the closest wild relatives occur. Pigeonpea being a leguminous plant is capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen and thereby restore lot of nitrogen in the soil. Every Red gram plant is a mini-fertilizer factory as the crop has unique characteristics of restoring and maintaining soil fertility through fixing atmospheric nitrogen in symbiotic association with Rhizobium bacteria present in the root nodules. Red gram has a deep root system, and it extracts minerals, nutrients, moisture from the deep soil. In this process, it breaks the hardpans of the soil, which is helpful in improving the structural condition of the soil. Red gram is also useful for preventing soil from erosion. Nowadays, it is a major problem. It encourages the moment of water in the soil. Red gram is a very important source of protein, iron, iodine & some essential amino acids like lysine, tyrosine, cystine, protein percentage in red gram is approx 22.3% so we know it as a rich source of protein, it is consumed as dal and also used for preparing curries. We use the sweet green pod as a vegetable. Red gram crop is suitable for inter-cropping, with different crops (Cotton, Sorghum, Pearl millet, Green gram, Black gram, Maize, Soybean, Groundnut) for increasing production and maintaining soil fertility. It is an important pulse crop which is mainly grown in developing countries of the world. In India, red gram is widely cultivated and accounts for 15 to 20 per cent of the pulse production in the country. Globally, India is the largest producer and consumer of red gram. In India arhar is mostly grown in the states of UP, MP, Maharashtra, Bihar and Andhra Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, West Bengal, Assam, Orissa, Rajasthan, HP, Gujarat, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala. However, the major area is restricted to north Indian states. In this review article on Origin, Domestication, Taxonomy, Botanical Description, Genetics and Cytogenetics, Genetic Diversity, Breeding, Uses, Nutritional Value and Health Benefits of Pigeonpea are discussed.

Agricultural sector has been tipped to take over oil sector in driving the economy of Nigeria. The quest to tackle the problems bedeviling the agricultural sector and help Nigeria get out of the recurrent recessions occasioned by over dependence on oil revenue, necessitated the launch of the Anchor Borrowers’ Programme (ABP) in 2015. In the light of this, the study aims examining the accessibility of the Anchor Borrowers Programme funds by the small farm holders and ascertained if the Anchor Borrowers Programme has stimulated the production of agricultural commodities among small farm holders. In this study, we have a total of two hundred and seventy five (275) people as the population, which consists of the entire staff of the selected Deposit Money Banks (DMBs); the selected Microfinance Banks (MFBs); the staff of NIRSAL in Umuahia and the selected small holder farmers. However we used the Godden (2004) sample size determination formula and arrived at a sample size of one hundred and ninety-seven (197). Bowley’s proportional allocation formula was used to allocate the determined sample size to the different groups of financial institutions and the small holder farmers. The study adopted the Z-test analytical technique and found that the unfriendliness of the staff of the bank contributes largely to the impediments encountered by small holder farmers in accessing the fund available by the ABP. The study further revealed that ABP sharing of improved farm inputs is next the factor that stimulates production of agricultural commodities in Nigeria. The implication of this result is that even though accessing the funds from the bank is not easy, the efforts of extension workers and other experts has been encouraging in stimulating agricultural commodities among the small farm holders.

A quasi experimental study to evaluate the effectiveness of deep neck flexor muscle strengthening exercise versus neck stretching exercise on neck pain among adolescents. The study adopted a quasi-experimental research design, preintervention and post-intervention assessments were carried out using the revised Oswestry neck pain questionnaire. The participants for study group I and study group II were selected using a simple random technique, with 30 participants in each group. An unpaired "t" test was performed, and the obtained value was 3.52, which was significant at p≤ 0.01. The mean value for study group I was 24.60, while for the Study group II, it was 30.90. These results indicated that deep neck flexor muscle strengthening exercises were more effective in relieving neck pain.