Advances in the management of male infertility: a comprehensive approach to diagnosis and treatment in Andrology

Background: Male infertility is a significant cause of reproductive health issues globally, affecting approximately 15% of couples. The increasing prevalence of male infertility necessitates advanced diagnostic tools and therapeutic approaches to improve treatment outcomes. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the latest advancements in the diagnostic and therapeutic management of male infertility, focusing on novel treatments, surgical interventions, and the role of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) in improving fertility outcomes. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 200 male patients with infertility was conducted between 2020 and 2024 at a single academic institution. Patients underwent comprehensive evaluation, including semen analysis, hormone profiling, genetic testing, and testicular biopsy. Treatment protocols included medical management, surgical intervention, and ART such as intrauterine insemination (IUI) and in vitro fertilization (IVF). Results: The overall success rate of ART was 48%, with a significantly higher success rate in patients with azoospermia undergoing testicular sperm extraction (TESE) followed by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Additionally, the introduction of hormonal therapies (FSH and LH supplementation) led to a 32% improvement in semen parameters in oligospermic patients. Surgical interventions, including varicocelectomy, improved semen quality in 40% of patients. Conclusion: The combination of advanced diagnostic strategies and innovative treatment modalities has significantly improved the management of male infertility. Personalized treatment plans that incorporate ART, hormonal therapy, and surgical options offer the best outcomes for patients with various causes of infertility.