Clostridium difficile most common hospital acquired infection: review

Clostridioides difficile is the most important cause ofhealthcare-associated diarrhoea. The high incidence andrecurrence rates of C. difficile infection (CDI) is associatedwith high morbidity and mortality. Antibiotics targeting C.difficile bacteria are the first treatment choice. Recurrent CDIinfection is due to antibiotics which disrupt the indigenous gutflora there by creating an environment that is favourable for itsgrowth. Antibiotic-resistant strains of C. difficile, hasincreased the challenge of treating CDI . It has come among thefive emerging resistant threats. The evolution of antibioticresistance in C. difficile involves the acquizition of newresistance mechanisms, which can be shared among variousbacterial species and different C. difficile strains withinclinical and community settings. This review provides a summaryof commonly used diagnostic tests and antibiotic treatmentstrategies for CDI. It aims to enhance our current understandingand pinpoint knowledge gaps in antimicrobial resistancemechanisms in C. difficile, with an emphasis on CDI therapies.This can be associated with the appearance of hypervirulentepidemic isolates of ribotype 027. The aim of this review articleis to characterise C. difficile as a new member of the“superbug” family. Due to its worldwide spread, the lack ofmany treatment options and the high rates of both recurrence andmortality, C. difficile has emerged as a major concern for thehealthcare system