Kidney stone- a comprehensive study

Kidney stones have become increasingly common in contemporary society, affecting individuals across various age groups, with a higher prevalence in regions characterized by limited access to potable water. Composed primarily of calcium and phosphate, these rigid formations arise when substances like calcium oxalate and uric acid crystallize. While kidney stones can travels the urinary tract from the kidneys to the bladder, potentially causing severe pain, many individuals may experience resolution without permanent damage. This article explores various animal models and in vitro studies used to investigate urolithiasis, detailing the types of kidney stones, their symptoms, causes, risk factors, identification methods, treatment options, and preventive measures. The types of kidney stones include calcium, struvite, uric acid, and cystine stones, each with distinct etiologies and clinical presentations. Symptoms often escalate with stone size, ranging from severe abdominal pain to nausea and fever. Contributing factors include dehydration, dietary composition, genetic predisposition, certain medical conditions, and obesity. Key diagnostic tools include imaging techniques and urine analysis. Treatment approaches consist of non-invasive techniques like extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, minimally invasive procedures, and medication that alters urine chemistry. Prevention strategies focus on hydration, dietary modifications, and adherence to prescribed medications. Ultimately, management of kidney stones entails a holistic approach involving symptom awareness, lifestyle adjustments, and timely medical intervention to mitigate recurrence and promote kidney health.